Review of Social development.

Reviews the book, Social development by Joan E. Grusec and Hugh Lytton (see record 1988-97350-000). There are two major criteria against which a new book must be evaluated, the degree to which it adds to the existing literature in the field and to which it meets the goals set by its own authors. On both counts, this book succeeds. Appropriately, the first section is devoted to historical, theoretical and methodological considerations. These themes are continued throughout the book. The second section of the book deals with the foundations of development: genetics and biology; temperament, attachment and early emotional development; socialization in the family and the peer group. Social development catches the reader's interest. It is ideal for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students, and a useful resource to academics who wish an up-to-date comprehensive overview of the subject. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temporal course and structural relationships among dimensions of temperament and DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorder constructs.

The temporal stability and directional relations among dimensions of temperament (e.g., neuroticism) and selected Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) disorder constructs (depression, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia) were examined in 606 outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders, assessed on 3 occasions over a 2-year period. Neuroticism/behavioral inhibition (N/BI) and behavioral activation/positive affect (BA/P) accounted for the cross-sectional covariance of the DSM-IV constructs. Although N/BI evidenced the most change of the constructs examined, initial levels of N/BI predicted less improvement in 2 of the 3 disorder constructs. Unlike the DSM-IV disorder constructs, the temporal stability of N/BI increased as a function of initial severity. Moreover, N/BI explained all the temporal covariation of the DSM-IV disorder constructs. The results are discussed in regard to conceptual models of temperament that define N/BI and BA/P as higher order dimensions accounting for the course and covariation of emotional disorder psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

三齿轮一曲柄摇杆机构的研究

本文对常用的三齿轮一曲柄摇杆机构的间歇运动特性及动力特性进行了分析研究,给出了机构的特性曲线图,为分析与综合这类机构提供了方便.同时本文还针对软糖包纸机上采用的这种机构进行了改进设计,按最佳传动条件,以及γ_(min)≥60°、三齿轮共面等要求设计得到的最佳机构,在传动效率、运动性能和动力性能等方面均优于原机构.     

The influence of personality and weaning method on early feeding behavior and growth of Norwegian Red calves

Some research has described a relationship between personality and feeding behavior at weaning in Holstein dairy calves; our objective was to determine if personality traits, especially sociability, are associated with differences in feeding behavior and growth in Norwegian Red calves. Our secondary objective was to assess the interaction between personality traits and gradual weaning method (by age or by concentrate intake) on the behavior and growth of calves. Twenty-seven Norwegian Red calves were housed in 7 groups of 3 to 5 calves, with group composition based on birthdate to ensure that there were no more than 21 d between the youngest and oldest calves. Calves had access to an automated milk and concentrate feeder with ad libitum access to concentrates, water, hay, and silage. Calves were semi-randomly assigned to be either gradually weaned by age at d 56, or weaned by intake, where weaning was initiated based on reaching specific concentrate intake targets. We measured milk intake, concentrate intake, and the number of unrewarded visits to the automated feeder during each of 5 experimental periods: preweaning (12 L/d; 10–30 d of age), weaning (milk allowance gradually reduced by method until completely weaned), weaning week (3 d before weaning and the first 7 d of 0 L/d milk allowance), postweaning (20 d after complete milk removal), and the total experimental period (10–20 d postweaning). At 21 and 80 d of age, individual behavioral responses toward novelty and isolation (indicative of personality) were recorded in 3 personality tests: novel environment, novel object, and a social motivation test (time taken to return the group). At 83 d of age, a group novel object test was conducted. Principal component analysis revealed 3 factors interpreted as personality traits (playful/exploratory, vocal/active, interactive in group test) that together explained 56% of the variance. Calves that were more playful/exploratory consumed more milk per day preweaning and more concentrate per day over the experimental period. Calves that were more vocal/active (interpreted as a type of sociability trait where vocalizations and pacing serve to communicate with conspecifics when isolated from herd) had lower preweaning milk intakes and lower concentrate intakes over the experimental period. Calves that were more interactive in the group test (interpreted as a type of sociability trait when with other herd mates) had lower preweaning and weaning concentrate intakes. There was no interaction between personality traits and weaning method on feeding behavior or performance outcomes; however, calves that were weaned by intake (successfully reached all concentrate targets) had higher average daily gains postweaning, likely due to consuming more concentrate per day over the entire experiment, than calves who failed to reach all targets, or were weaned by age. We concluded that the sociability traits of Norwegian Red calves were related to individual differences in milk and concentrate intake. Although the relationship between personality and feeding behavior and growth did not depend on weaning method, gradual weaning based on individual concentrate intakes provides an opportunity for calves to wean at a pace that fits the needs of each individual calf.     

基于驾驶模拟实验的驾驶员气质与驾驶行为关系研究

目的本文研究驾驶员气质差异与驾驶行为之间的关系。方法随机抽取21名驾驶员参与驾驶模拟实验,获取受试者的气质与驾驶行为数据,再利用统计分析软件对实验数据进行统计分析。结果不同气质类型驾驶员的驾驶行为存在着明显的差异,胆汁质驾驶员的操纵行为安全性较差,有事故倾向性特征;粘液质驾驶员的操纵行为安全性较好,是四类驾驶员中最适合做驾驶员的气质类型。结论通过驾驶员气质测评可以预测驾驶员的驾驶操纵行为,评价驾驶员的安全驾驶水平,可为驾驶员的甄选、培训提供一定的依据。     

Individual differences in behavioral and physiological responsiveness of primiparous dairy cows to machine milking

An experiment was performed in primiparous dairy cows (n = 23) to examine consistency of individual differences in reactivity to milking, and correlations between measures of behavior, physiology, and milk ejection. Responsiveness to milking was monitored during the first machine milking, on d 2 of lactation, and during milkings on d 4 and 130 of lactation. Measurements included kicking and stepping behavior, plasma cortisol and plasma oxytocin, heart rate, milk yield, milking time, milk flow rate, and residual milk obtained after administration of exogenous oxytocin. With repeated early lactation milkings, residual milk and the incidence of abnormal milk flow curves decreased. On d 130 of lactation all heifers exhibited normal milk ejection. Except for higher plasma cortisol concentrations on d 2, all measures were consistent over time between d 2 and 4 of lactation as indicated by significant rank correlations. Individual differences in the behavioral response to udder preparation were consistent over time between early lactation milkings and d 130 of lactation. Residual milk, milk yield, maximum milk flow rate, plasma oxytocin and heart rate during udder preparation were similarly interrelated on d 2 and 4 of lactation. High heart rate responses on d 2 and 4 were associated with enhanced inhibition of milk ejection. In contrast, behavior recorded during the milking process was unrelated to ease of milk removal. Our results indicate that milking at the beginning of lactation may be stressful to some heifers, to the extent that milk ejection is inhibited, but less disturbing to others. The existence of consistent behavioral and physiological responses in the present study suggests that responsiveness of dairy heifers to milking is mediated by stable animal characteristics.